Chronic complications risk among type 2 diabetes patients with a family history of diabetes

Family history of diabetes (FH+) has been associated with early metabolic alteration including insulin resistance, lipid metabolism, and ectopic fat accumulation even in healthy individuals.1-3 Furthermore, normoglycemic first-degree relatives type 2 mellitus (T2DM) have documented having increased carotid intima-media thickness pro-inflammatory cytokines.4, 5 Taken together, individuals FH+, who were otherwise healthy, shown to possess susceptibility for (DM) chronic complication. Hence, this study aimed investigate whether FH+ the risk complications patients overt T2DM. This was a cross-sectional which included adult T2DM visiting private hospital integrated center South Tangerang (urban area outskirt Jakarta), Indonesia from December 2020 November 2021. Those without any blood test results excluded. defined as first- and/or second-degree Chronic investigated atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD) coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke, peripheral disease; microvascular diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy, kidney (DKD); diastolic dysfunction heart failure (HF). Data taken electronic medical records explored clinical signs symptoms, previously known complications, laboratory radiological examinations, diagnosis made by physicians. Additionally, if any, other tests used such treadmill stress arteries calcium scoring CAD; ankle-to-brachial index ≤0.9 limb vessels stenosis ≥50% on doppler ultrasound non-mydriatic funduscopy retinopathy; 10 g monofilament 128 Hz tuning fork neuropathy; presence micro-/macroalbuminuria or proteinuria glomerular filtration rate ≤60 mL/min DKD; echocardiography HF. Results presented n (%), median (interquartile range, IQR) depends data type. Chi-squared compare nominal data, while Mann–Whitney numerical data. Logistic regression analysis determine association adjusted age, sex, DM duration, alcohol smoking history, systolic pressure, body mass index, HbA1c, low-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, estimated rate, no family (FH−) reference. A total 1011 included, 24.8% whom had (Table 1). There higher proportions dyslipidemia, found whereas FH− older pressure triglyceride level, lower eGFR Overall, seen but statistical significances mainly not ASCVD (Figure In multivariate analysis, remained significantly (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 4.16 [2.58–6.69]), retinopathy (aOR: 3.76 [1.94–7.28]), neuropathy 3.20 [2.02–5.05]), composite 1.93 [1.26–2.96]), macro- micro-vascular 1.83 [1.09–3.08]) 2). study, we observed proportion dyslipidemia compared those group. Nevertheless, independently risks developing especially dysfunction, neuropathy. Despite some statistically significant differences baseline characteristics between subjects, it significance. Indeed, noticed that our tended drink smoke comparison groups. might contribute prevalence dyslipidemia6 addition possessed diabetes.1, (retinopathy neuropathy), ASCVD. line previous studies, DKD7-10; CAD stroke stronger predictors than diabetes.10-12 younger onset diabetes, characterized poor glycemic control more progressive complications.13, 14 Offspring reported demonstrate oxidative upregulation following high-carbohydrate challenge, dysregulated antioxidative status, FH- counterpart similar profile.15, 16 Previous studies an dysfunction.17, 18 Interestingly, independent predictor despite FH–. Based seems impact surpassed pressure. On further both groups under 140 mmHg (61.6% vs. 54.2%, p = 0.055) 130 (37.9% 32.1%, 0.113), implicating clinically also explain findings. The mechanism at be due impaired cardiac endothelial glycocalyx, autonomic function relaxation performance.16, 19 Prior hyperglycemic exposure long-term effect, called “metabolic memory.”20 Patients age control,14 disadvantaged memory. Epigenetic mechanisms thought contributing factor.20 unavailability regarding socioeconomic status one limitations study. retrospective extraction resulted missing examination results. Further research investigating different epigenetic mechanisms, FH−, response environmental factors is yet explored. conclusion, complications. While setting should imply rigorous management group patients, terms research, are needed unravel underlying mechanism. All authors participated conceptualization, methodology, interpretation Christian Tricaesario conducted investigation. William Djauhari Afif H. Maruf organized curation. Tricaesario, Djauhari, wrote original draft. did formal prepared visualization Dicky L. Tahapary critically reviewed advised results, interpretation, revised manuscript. Syahidatul Wafa, Felix F. Widjaja, Jimmy Tandradynata, Rudy Kurniawan, Muhammad Yamin article. Sidartawan Soegondo supervised, reviewed, validated approved final abstract poster oral presentation 31st Jakarta Diabetes Meeting, 26–27, 2022. declare conflict interest. Ethics Committee Faculty Medicine Universitas Indonesia. support findings available request corresponding author. publicly privacy ethical restrictions.